To my knowledge, there is no single function. You can search through all the faces until you find your edge and build a list or call the following code to build a list of all edges and their faces:
TopTools_IndexedDataMapOfShapeListOfShape myEdgeFaceMap;
TopExp::MapShapesAndAncestors(myShape, TopAbs_EDGE, TopAbs_FACE, myEdgeFaceMap);